goal for quotidian confidence

Cambodia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/08/20/joint-letter-unhrc-human-rights-situation-cambodia

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Why Can’t Refugees Get Lawyers?

From The New York Times:

Why Can’t Refugees Get Lawyers?

The U.S. government forbids overseas asylum applicants from bringing legal counsel to hearings, making the process unfair and less efficient.

www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/opinion/why-cant-refugees-get-lawyers.html?mwrsm=Email

Children during conflict

http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/07/children-increasingly-becoming-the-spoils-of-war/

Violence against women during conflict

https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/10/women-and-girls-endure-unspeakable-horrors-during-war-and-un-isnt-doing-enough-about

Resources @ISHR

http://www.ishr.ch/news/strengthening-human-rights-systems

International Refugee Law and Refugee Policy: The Case of Deterrence Policies

Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, "International Refugee Law and Refugee Policy: The Case of Deterrence Policies" Journal of Refugee Studies 27(4): 2014.

Introduction 

Does International Refugee Law Matter? 

the non-refoulement principle, was described as ‘an exceptional limitation of the sovereign right of states to turn back aliens to the frontiers of their country of origin’ by the Israeli delegate Nehemiah Robinson at the Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems

http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae68c1c0.html 

Development of deterrence policies in three key respects: 

1. deterrence policies are non-entrée policies designed to restrict access to asylum 
2. deterrence policies are progressive mechanisms that aim to physically or legally prevent refugees from reaching the asylum state 
3. deterrence policies as part of a state's migration control has become a foreign policy issue 

Attempts to explain states' ambiguous relationship to international refugee law by trying to explain the development of deterrence policies (ie. lack of political support, lack of respect for international refugee law, politicization of refugee law itself) have been unsatisfactory.

Gammeltoft-Hansen's article seeks to offer the missing link by aligning refugee scholars' arguments in terms of liberal institutionalism, IR realism, and critical legal studies and thus provide a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between international refugee law and politics.

This 'theoretical triangulation' is to avoid a priori theorization that interdisciplinary scholarship, especially international law and international relations, is prone to.

The Progressive View 

The Realist View

The Critical View 

The Power of Human Rights and Refugee Law 

Creative Legal Thinking as Political Strategy 

Conclusion 

Danish Institute for Human Rights http://www.humanrights.dk/staff/thomas-gammeltoft-hansen

International Courts

http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/19/issue/11/presence-and-politics-international-criminal-court

Koh, Steven Arrigg "Presence and Politics at the International Criminal Court"American Society of International Law 19(11): 2015.

http://jurist.org/hotline/2015/07/G%C3%A9raldine-Mattioli-Zeltner-CAR-Special-Court.php

Géraldine Mattioli-Zeltner "Taking Justice to a New Level: The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic" Jurist 9 July 2015

http://www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/eu.php 

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/links.htm



http://www.llrx.com/features/refugee.htm

http://www.hurisearch.org/

Central African Republic

https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/central-african-republic/report-central-african-republic/

http://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/car.php

Mediterranean Migration Crisis

http://www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/25/mediterranean-migration-crisis/why-people-flee-what-eu-should-do 

4 main sending countries - Syria, Somalia, Afghanistan, Eritrea 

Migration routes to Europe ©HRW

UNHCR 2015 planning figures for Syrian Arab Republic[1]
Type of population	Origin	January 2015		December 2015
		Total in country	Of whom assisted by UNHCR	Total in country	Of whom assisted by UNHCR
Total		6,781,380	3,529,300	6,757,670	4,026,000
1. PoC planning figures in this table are based on trends and registration data from early 2014. In light of the evolving situation in the Syrian Arab Republic and Iraq, updated projections will be presented in any forthcoming appeals for supplementary requirements in 2015 for the Syria and Iraq situations, including the 2015 Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP). 2. Refugee figure for Iraqis is a Government estimate
Refugees	Afghanistan	1,200	1,200	1,000	1,000
	Iraq[2]	126,580	24,500	113,670	22,000
	Somalia	900	900	800	800
	Various	600	600	500	500
Asylum-seekers	Afghanistan	120	120	80	80
	Iraq	850	850	740	740
	Sudan	400	400	290	290
	Various	740	740	590	590
Internally displaced	Syrian Arab Rep.	6,500,000	3,500,000	6,500,000	4,000,000
Stateless	Stateless	150,000	-	140,000	-

Syria 

almost 4 million Syrian refugees in neighboring countries and North Africa; half are children 

Turkey - 1.7 million Syrian refugees 

Lebanon - almost 1.2 million (1/4 of its population) 

http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486a76.html#

http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/ReflectingOn/17062015Fargues.aspx "'Celebrating' World Refugee Day with four million Syrian refugees on our doorstep" by Philippe Fargues, Migration Policy Centre - European University Institute  

Afghanistan

In March 2015 alone, more than 20,000 newly displaced due to conflict - up from the 11,000 the previous month - and adding to the existing 850,000 internally displaced throughout the country (UNHCR)

Why the difficult journey to Europe? 

inhospitable situation for Afghan refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Iran + 
inability to return to Afghanistan because of security risks 

^ Human Rights Watch, Unwelcome Guests: Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights, November 2013. The situation for Afghans in Pakistan, which has hosted about 1.5 million registered Afghan refugees for over 30 years and where an estimated one million unregistered Afghans live, is also of concern. See “Pakistan: Stop Forced Returns of Afghans,” Human Rights Watch news release, February 22, 2015; and Human Rights Watch, “We Are the Walking Dead:” Killings of Shia Hazara in Balochistan, Pakistan, June 2014.

Eritrea 

“I love my country, but I hate the way it is there. If I go back, they will put me in prison.” —Mogos, 26, Lampedusa, May 15, 2015

The most common patterns of abuse prompting Eritreans to flee:

• open-ended military conscription (greatest, most common reason) 
• forced labor during conscription
• arbitrary arrests, detentions, and enforced disappearances
• torture and other degrading treatment in detention
• restrictions on freedoms of expression, conscience, and movement
• repression of religious freedom
• land expropriations and government discrimination (Afar and Kunama ethnic groups)

No independent media 

No local independent nongovernmental organisations 

Indefinite military conscription - By law, each Eritrean must serve 18 months in national service starting at age 18.  

Commission on Inquiry on human rights in Eritrea established in 2014 

Commission's report published / presented in June 2015 (29th HRC Session) concluded that violations “in the areas of extrajudicial executions, torture (including sexual torture), national service and forced labour may constitute crimes against humanity.”

Somalia 

Children 

Somalia has one of the lowest rates of school enrolment in the world - more than 80 percent of primary-aged Somali children are no longer in or have never been to school 

Somali children comprised the third largest national group of unaccompanied children who reached Italy by sea in 2014

2011 famine  

Conflict in Libya 

Middle East & North Africa - UNHCR 

East & Horn of Africa - UNHCR